Macroscopic stochastic thermodynamics

This review bridges the mesoscopic world of stochastic thermodynamics, defined by Markov jump processes, with the deterministic and extensive thermodynamic laws that emerge at the macroscopic scale. Using large deviations theory, it constructs a fluctuation framework preserving core principles like the fluctuation theorem. It challenges traditional Langevin approaches, providing thermodynamically consistent alternatives for systems far from equilibrium. From chemical reaction networks to electronic circuits and Potts models, this work elucidates the dynamics of rare fluctuations, attractor transitions, and entropy production principles, offering a robust theoretical foundation for understanding nonequilibrium phenomena across disciplines.