Chrysophanol Prevents Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation by Upregulating Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress, and the Unfolded Protein Response

Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation is a vital driver of liver fibrosis. Recent research efforts have emphasized the clearance of activated HSCs by apoptosis, senescence, or reversion to the quiescent state. LPS induces human HSC activation directly and contributes to liver disease progression. Chrysophanol is an anthraquinone with hepatoprotective and anti‐inflammatory effects. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of chrysophanol in an LPS‐induced activated rat HSC cell line (HSC‐T6). The fibrosis phenotype was identified from the expression of α ‐smooth muscle actin ( α ‐SMA), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and integrin β 1 by western blot analysis. We examined DNA fragmentation by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. We detected the apoptotic markers p53 and cleaved caspase‐3 by western blot analysis. Intracellular ROS were labeled with 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF‐DA) and the levels were measured by flow cytometry. Finally, we evaluated the ER stress markers binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) by Western blot analysis. Our results showed that chrysophanol decreased HSC‐T6 cell viability in LPS‐induced activated HSCs. Chrysophanol increased the expression of α ‐SMA, CTGF, integrin β I, p53, cleaved caspase‐3, and DNA fragmentation. Chrysophanol also elevated ROS levels and increased the expression of BiP and CHOP. Pretreatment with chrysophanol prevented LPS‐induced HSC‐T6 cell activation by upregulating apoptosis, ROS accumulation, unfolded protein response (UPR) activation, and the UPR proapoptotic effect.