Diagnostic and Prognostic MicroRNA Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer in Cell-free Urine

Widespread use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing for prostate cancer (PC) detection has led to extensive overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Urine-based microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers could be useful in PC diagnosis and prognosis.To train and validate urine-based microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers that may assist in PC diagnosis and prognosis.We profiled the expression levels of 92 miRNAs via reverse transcriptase-poymerase chain reaction in cell-free urine samples from 29 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 215 patients with clinically localized PC (cohort 1). Our findings were validated in an independent cohort of 29 BPH patients and 220 patients with clinically localized PC (cohort 2).We identified and validated several deregulated miRNAs in urine samples from PC patients. In addition, we trained a novel diagnostic three-miRNA model (miR-222-3p*miR-24-3p/miR-30c-5p) that distinguished BPH and PC patients with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.95 in cohort 1, and was successfully validated in cohort 2 (AUC 0.89). Furthermore, we trained a novel prognostic three-miRNA model (miR-125b-5p*let-7a-5p/miR-151-5p) that predicted time to biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy independently of routine clinicopathological parameters in cohort 1, and was successfully validated in cohort 2.Future clinical implementation of our novel diagnostic and prognostic three-miRNA signatures could help in primary diagnosis of PC and guide treatment decisions. Further validation studies are warranted.Using two large patient cohorts, we searched for novel prostate cancer biomarkers in urine. We found two new sets of microRNA biomarkers in urine that could accurately predict the presence of prostate cancer and the likelihood of recurrence after prostatectomy. Further studies are needed before an actual clinical test can be developed.