Chlorogenic Acid Ameliorates Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury Through AMPK/mTOR/ULK1-Mediated Autophagy Activation

. The results demonstrated that CGA could protect the mice and LO2 cells from oxidative stress and liver injury induced by APAP. Regarding mechanisms, CGA activated the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway, thereby promoting autophagy. This was evidenced by the degradation of p62/SQSTM1 (hereafter referred to as p62), as well as the up-regulation of LC3B, ATG5, and Beclin1. It is worth noting that the aforementioned, CGA-provided beneficial effects were abrogated by pharmacological inhibition of AMPK with Compound C (CC, an AMPK inhibitor). These [Formula: see text] that CGA alleviates oxidative stress and liver injury induced by APAP, which is contingent upon the regulatory effect of CGA on the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 axis.