Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Agricultural Soils: A Comprehensive Review of the Hidden Crisis and Exploring Control Strategies

This paper aims to review the sources, occurrence patterns, and potential risks of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in agricultural soils and discuss strategies for their reduction. The pervasive utilization of antibiotics has led to the accumulation of ARGs in the soil. ARGs can be transferred among microorganisms via horizontal gene transfer, thereby increasing the likelihood of resistance dissemination and heightening the threat to public health. In this study, we propose that physical, chemical, and bioremediation approaches, namely electrokinetic remediation, advanced oxidation, and biochar application, can effectively decrease the abundance of ARGs in the soil. This study also highlights the significance of various control measures, such as establishing a strict regulatory mechanism for veterinary drugs, setting standards for the control of ARGs in organic fertilizers, and conducting technical guidance and on-farm soil monitoring to reduce the environmental spread of ARGs and protect public health.