A review of supercapacitors: Materials, technology, challenges, and renewable energy applications

This review study comprehensively analyses supercapacitors, their constituent materials, technological advancements, challenges, and extensive applications in renewable energy. Leveraging existing research papers, \ndelve into the multifaceted world of integrating supercapacitors with renewable energy sources, which is a key \nfocus of this review. From smoothing intermittent energy generation in solar and wind power systems to \nenhancing the efficiency of electric vehicles, supercapacitors play a pivotal role in bridging the gaps inherent in \nrenewable energy technologies. This section evaluates the diverse applications and explores case studies \nshowcasing the successful integration of supercapacitors in real-world renewable energy scenarios. Supercapacitors, exploring the diverse materials integral to their construction, including carbon-based materials, metal \noxides, and conducting polymers. Technological innovations, such as advanced electrode architectures and novel \nelectrolytes, are scrutinised for their impact on performance. Potential research directions to overcome these \nimpediments were identified by synthesising insights from existing literature. Furthermore, this study investigates the symbiotic relationship between supercapacitors and renewable energy sources.