The Role of Glycoprotein Non‐Metastatic Melanoma Protein B (GPNMB) in Tumors and Other Diseases

ABSTRACT Glycoprotein non‐metastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) is a highly conserved transmembrane glycoprotein, which is widely involved in biological processes of tissues, cells, metabolism and immunity, regulates various signaling pathways, and plays an important role in the occurrence and development of diseases. However, the effect of GPNMB on the same biological process varies greatly in different tissues, and its application as a tumor therapeutic target is also a challenge. At the same time, how to balance the multiple effects of GPNMB is also a key issue facing future clinical applications. This paper reviews the role of GPNMB in tissue repair, metabolic regulation, cell aging, immune response, and the mechanism of GPNMB's involvement in the occurrence and development of various diseases, including tumor. In this paper, we summarize the GPNMB signaling pathway, analyze its potential value as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets, and discuss the future research direction. Through systematic summary, this review provides a theoretical basis for further understanding of the biological function of GPNMB and its role in diseases, and also provides a new idea for the formulation of GPNMB based precision treatment strategy.