Rare Earth Element Deposits in Mongolia

In Mongolia, rare earth element (REE) mineralization of economic significance is related either to the Mesozoic carbonatites or to the Paleozoic peralkaline granitoid rocks. Carbonatites occur as part of alkaline silicate-carbonatite complexes, which are composed mainly of nepheline syenites and equivalent volcanic rocks. The complexes were emplaced in the Gobi-Tien Shan rift zone in southern Mongolia where carbonatites usually form dikes, plugs or intruded into brecciated rocks. In mineralized carbonatites, REE occur mainly as fluorocarbonates (bastnäsite, synchysite, parisite) and apatite. Apatite is also present in the carbonatite-hosted apatite-magnetite (mostly altered to hematite) bodies. Alkaline silicate rocks and carbonatites show common geochemical features such as enrichment of light REE but relative depletion of Ti, Zr, Nb, Ta and Hf and similar Sr and Nd isotopic characteristics suggesting the involvement of the heterogeneous lithospheric mantle in the formation of both carbonatites and associated silicate rocks. Hydrothermal fluids of magmatic origin played an important role in the genesis of the carbonatite-hosted REE deposits. The REE mineralization associated with peralkaline felsic rocks (peralkaline granites, syenites and pegmatites) mainly occurs in Mongolian Altai in northwestern Mongolia. The mineralization is largely hosted in accessory minerals (mainly elpidite, monazite, xenotime, fluorocarbonates), which can reach percentage levels in mineralized zones. These rocks are the results of protracted fractional crystallization of the magma that led to an enrichment of REE, especially in the late stages of magma evolution. The primary magmatic mineralization was overprinted (remobilized and enriched) by late magmatic to hydrothermal fluids. The mineralization associated with peralkaline granitic rocks also contains significant concentrations of Zr, Nb, Th and U. There are promising occurrences of both types of rare earth mineralization in Mongolia and at present, three of them have already established significant economic potential. They are mineralization related to Mesozoic Mushgai Khudag and Khotgor carbonatites in southern Mongolia and to the Devonian Khalzan Buregtei peralkaline granites in northwestern Mongolia.