Preclinical models for studying corticosteroid‐induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head

Abstract Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a refractory condition that commonly results in femoral head collapse and degenerative arthritis of the hip. In the early stages, surgical procedures for hip preservation, including core decompression (CD), have been developed to prevent progressive collapse of the femoral head. Optimization of bone regeneration and biological augmentation may further enhance the therapeutic efficacy of CD for ONFH. Thus, combining CD with cell‐based therapy has recently been proposed. In fact, patients treated with cell‐based therapy using autologous bone marrow concentrate demonstrate improved survivorship of the femoral head, compared with conventional CD alone. Preclinical research studies to investigate adjunctive therapies for CD often utilize the rabbit model of corticosteroid‐induced ONFH. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis, and decrease inflammation in bone. Local drug delivery systems have the potential to achieve targeted therapeutic effects by precisely controlling the drug release rate. Scaffolds can provide an osteoconductive structural framework to facilitate the repair of osteonecrotic bone tissue. We focused on the combination of both cell‐based and scaffold‐based therapies for bone tissue regeneration in ONFH. We hypothesized that combining CD and osteoconductive scaffolds would provide mechanical strength and structural cell guidance; and that combining CD and genetically modified (GM) MSCs to express relevant cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors would promote bone tissue repair. We developed GM MSCs that overexpress the anti‐inflammatory, pro‐reconstructive cytokines platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB to provide MSCs with additional benefits and investigated the efficacy of combinations of these GM MSCs and scaffolds for treatment of ONFH in skeletally mature male New Zealand white rabbits. In the future, the long‐term safety, efficacy, durability, and cost‐effectiveness of these and other biological and mechanical treatments must be demonstrated for the patients affected by ONFH.