A review on microelectrode array fabrication techniques and their applications

Biosensors are an important tool for the detection and quantitative analysis of biomolecules and chemical compounds. There are a number of biosensors available based on the measurement of light, pH, electric current, pressure, etc. A microelectrode array (MEA) is one such biosensing device that detects changes in current, impedance, and potential. Due to its large number of applications in biosensing, electrophysiological studies of a cell, and drug screening, MEAs are widely used. In an MEA, sensing is achieved through microelectrodes, and based on the substrate used for MEA fabrication, MEAs can be rigid or flexible. Microelectrodes are developed by a process known as “microfabrication.” The process of microfabrication includes techniques like photolithography, screen printing, laser patterning, 3D printing, etc. This review discusses different MEAs and techniques used for their fabrication with recent applications.