A gut bacterial pathway metabolizes aromatic amino acids into nine circulating metabolites

A pathway for the production of aromatic amino acid metabolites in Clostridium sporogenes is described; modulation of serum levels of these metabolites in gnotobiotic mice affects intestinal permeability and systemic immunity. The human microbiome has a substantial effect on our health. Our gut microbes produce a range of small molecules, many of which can reach relevant concentrations, yet we know surprisingly little about microbial metabolic pathways and how they affect the host. Here, Justin Sonnenburg, Michael Fischbach and colleagues use genetics and metabolic profiling to identify the gene cluster of Clostridium sporogenes that metabolizes aromatic amino acids, several of the products of which are produced exclusively by the microbiota. For example, the neuroprotective agent indolepropionic acid (IPA) was also produced by several other gut bacteria. In mice with controlled bacterial colonies, the serum levels of IPA and host physiology can be modulated by genetic modification of C. sporogenes. The human gut microbiota produces dozens of metabolites that accumulate in the bloodstream1,2, where they can have systemic effects on the host. Although these small molecules commonly reach concentrations similar to those achieved by pharmaceutical agents, remarkably little is known about the microbial metabolic pathways that produce them. Here we use a combination of genetics and metabolic profiling to characterize a pathway from the gut symbiont Clostridium sporogenes that generates aromatic amino acid metabolites. Our results reveal that this pathway produces twelve compounds, nine of which are known to accumulate in host serum. All three aromatic amino acids (tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosine) serve as substrates for the pathway, and it involves branching and alternative reductases for specific intermediates. By genetically manipulating C. sporogenes, we modulate serum levels of these metabolites in gnotobiotic mice, and show that in turn this affects intestinal permeability and systemic immunity. This work has the potential to provide the basis of a systematic effort to engineer the molecular output of the gut bacterial community.