Recent Progress of Near-Infrared Fluorescence in vivo Bioimaging in the Second and Third Biological Window

Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence bioimaging using above to 1000 nm wavelength region is a promising analytical method on visualizing deep tissues. As compared to the short-wavelength ultraviolet (UV: < 400 nm) or visible (VIS: 400 - 700 nm) region, which results in an extremely low absorption or scattering of biomolecules and water in the body, NIR light passes through the tissues. Various fluorescent probes that emit NIR emission in the second (1100 - 1400 nm) or third (1550 - 1800 nm) biological windows have been developed and used for NIR in vivo imaging. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), quantum dots (QDs), rare-earth doped ceramic nanoparticles (RED-CNPs), and organic dye-based probes have been proposed by many researchers, and are used to successfully visualize the bloodstream, organs, and disease-affected regions, such as cancer. NIR imaging in the second and third biological windows is an effective analytical method on visualizing deep tissues.