Biocontrol potential and molecular basis of predation in a marine raptorial ciliate

Predator-prey interactions are widespread across organisms and are key drivers of morphological and behavioral evolution. Despite this, predation remains poorly understood among microbial eukaryotes, mostly due to the absence of a tractable experimental system that allows quantitative, reproducible investigation. This study establishes the marine raptorial ciliate Chaenea vorax as a highly efficient predator, with Rosenzweig-MacArthur model simulations based on predation data showing that only a few dozen individuals can eliminate the vast majority of the facultatively pathogenic ciliate Uronema marinum within 1-2 days, providing a quantitative basis for developing predator-based biocontrol strategies in aquaculture. Genomic analysis shows that C. vorax possesses a highly fragmented macronuclear genome enriched with predation-related pathways, including calcium-mediated contractility, cellular proteolysis, toxin expulsion systems, among others. Transcriptomic profiling during predation events further demonstrates significant upregulation of genes involved in cytoskeletal remodeling, proteolytic activity, and cellular detoxification. Evolutionary analyses suggest that C. vorax has an extremely long evolutionary history, exceptionally high nucleotide diversity even among ciliates, and gene family expansions linked to predatory adaptation. Although the prey possesses certain defensive mechanisms (e.g. trichocysts), these are largely ineffective against short-term predation in closed aquatic environments. These findings provide fundamental insights into the molecular basis of predation in ciliates and suggest the potential utility of C. vorax in biocontrol applications targeting pathogenic ciliates.