Usefulness of a serial algorithm of HBsAg and HBeAg rapid diagnosis tests to detect pregnant women at risk of HBV mother-to-child transmission in Cambodia, the ANRS 12328 pilot study

In Cambodia, access to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) screening is low for pregnant women and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) DNA quantification is poorly accessible. To evaluate the performance of a serial algorithm using two HBV rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), in which samples positive for HBsAg were further tested for HBeAg as a surrogate marker for HBV DNA quantification. In 2015, we prospectively collected plasma samples from 250 pregnant women consulting for antenatal care in one hospital in Phnom Penh including 128 with a known positive HBsAg status. All specimens were tested with the SD BIOLINE HBsAg RDT and HBsAg ELISA assay. In ELISA-positive samples, HBeAg status was determined using the SD BIOLINE HBeAg RDT and HBV DNA quantification was assessed. Sensitivity and specificity of HBsAg RDT were 99.2% (97.7–99.9) and 100% (97.0–100), respectively. Among the 128 ELISA-positive samples, 29 (23%) tested HBeAg positive and 34 (26.5%) had HBV DNA > 5.3 Log10 IU/mL. Sensitivity and specificity of HBeAg RDT in identifying viremic samples were 76.5% (62.2.0–90.7) and 96.8% (93.3–100) for HBV DNA > 5.3 Log10 IU/mL and 89.3% (77.8–100) and 96.0% (92.2–99.8) for HBV DNA > 7.3 Log10IU/mL. Among the 99 negative HBeAg RDT women, 8 had HBV DNA > 5.3 Log10 IU/mL and 7 of them harbored BCP/PC HBV mutants. A combination of HBsAg and HBeAg RDTs could be a low-cost strategy to identify HBV-infected pregnant women at risk of perinatal transmission in a country were HBV DNA quantification is not routinely available.