The gut microbiome and heart failure

The human gut is populated by a complex community of microbiota that coexists with the host to maintain homeostasis. Accumulating evidence shows that changes in the composition and diversity of gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis, is associated with cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart failure.Although recent advances in biochemical and molecular analyses have contributed to the detection, identification, and characterization of a variety of gut microbiota genomes and their associated metabolites, the exact mechanisms of action remain unclear. As the prevalence of cardiovascular disease continues to rise, investigating the gut microbiome as a potential strategy for clinical intervention is highly warranted.In this review, we discuss correlations between the gut microbiome and heart failure, as well as the effects of altering the microbiome as a potential therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases including heart failure.