Topical ketoprofen nanogel: artificial neural network optimization, clustered bootstrap validation, and in vivo activity evaluation based on longitudinal dose response modeling

SLNs are safe and effective permeation enhancers. ANN coupled with clustered bootstrap is a useful method for finding optimal solutions and estimating uncertainty associated with them. LDR models allow mechanistic understanding of comparative in vivo performances of different topical formulations, and help design efficient dermatological bioequivalence assessment methods.