The critical and controversial problems on the diagnosis and treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) has attracted more attention of urologists in recent years and the research on UTUC is also increasing, which changes the principle of UTUC diagnosis and treatment. At this background, a series of new critical and controversial problems arise on the diagnosis and treatment of UTUC. These problems include how to identify the clinical stage, to select the method of radical operation and lymphadenectomy, whether to perform the ureteroscopy before surgery, to do intravesical instillation after surgery and kidney-sparing surgery or not. This review will focus on these critical and controversial problems. Key words: Upper tract urothelial carcinoma; Diagnosis; Treatment.