The Growing Threat of Tick-Borne Viruses: Global Trends, Clinical Outcomes, and Diagnostic Strategies

Tick-borne viruses are an increasing global health concern due to their significant impact on humans and animals, as well as their expanding geographic distribution. Notable viruses in this group include the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Heartland virus (HRTV), and Powassan virus (POWV). This review evaluates their geographic spread, clinical effects, diagnostic challenges, treatment options, and research gaps. These viruses are increasingly spreading due to climate change and shifting tick habitats. The TBEV is moving into new areas of Europe and Asia, while the CCHFV is advancing into the Balkans and Caucasus. The HRTV has become more common in the United States, and the POWV is emerging in new regions of North America. Symptoms can vary from mild fever to severe neurological and hemorrhagic conditions. Diagnostic difficulties stem from inconsistent test accuracy, and treatment options are scarce, with only a few vaccines available. Tick-borne viruses represent a significant and expanding health threat, given their diverse clinical outcomes and diagnostic difficulties. Developing more accurate and accessible diagnostic tools is critical for early identification and treatment. Additionally, creating effective vaccines will be essential to reducing the overall burden of these viruses. With the increasing spread of tick-borne viruses, enhanced surveillance, ongoing research efforts, and strategic public health interventions are necessary to effectively control their impact and prevent further outbreaks.