The role of TNF signaling pathway in post-stroke cognitive impairment: a systematic review

The TNF signaling pathway is complex and heterogeneous in PSCI, potentially attributable to variations in study designs, samples, experimental models, and interventions. Emerging evidence supports the therapeutic potential of pharmacological and biological agents targeting this pathway. These findings highlight the need for integrated clinical and basic research to strengthen the foundation for early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of PSCI, and to guide evidence-based clinical decisions.