Managing Bisphenol A Contamination: Advances in Removal Technologies and Future Prospects

Increasing levels of bisphenol A (BPA), classified as an endocrine-disrupting compound, in the environment have raised concerns because of its detrimental impact on human and animal health. BPA has been detected in soil and water and even as a volatile compound in the air primarily because of improper disposal and its extensive use in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. This review comprehensively surveyed recent research focusing on the removal of BPA from water through physicochemical and biological treatments, covering articles published from 2002 to 2023. A range of conventional and non-conventional methods employed for BPA removal is examined, and their limitations in completely degrading BPA in water are acknowledged. Hybrid or integrated treatment systems have been explored, capitalising on the distinctive removal potential of various treatment processes. The literature spanning from 2002 to 2023 underscores the efficacy of hybrid or integrated treatment systems in yielding promising results for BPA removal from water. Furthermore, future directions for BPA removal are outlined, and advancements in treatment technologies developed over the past decade are incorporated.