Seasonal meropenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii and influence of temperature-driven adaptation

Abstract Background Recognition of seasonal trends in bacterial infection and drug resistance rates may enhance diagnosis, direct therapeutic strategies, and inform preventive measures. Limited data exist on the seasonal variability of Acinetobacter baumannii . We investigated the seasonality of A. baumannii , the correlation between temperature and meropenem resistance, and the impact of temperature on this bacterium. Results Meropenem resistance rates increased with lower temperatures, peaking in winter/colder months. Nonresistant strain detection exhibited temperature-dependent seasonality, rising in summer/warmer months and declining in winter/colder months. In contrast, resistant strains showed no seasonality. Variations in meropenem-resistant and nonresistant bacterial resilience to temperature changes were observed. Nonresistant strains displayed growth advantages at temperatures ≥ 25 °C, whereas meropenem-resistant A. baumannii with β-lactamase OXA-23 exhibited greater resistance to low-temperature (4 °C) stress. Furthermore, at 4 °C, A. baumannii upregulated carbapenem resistance-related genes ( adeJ , oxa-51 , and oxa-23 ) and increased meropenem stress tolerance. Conclusions Meropenem resistance rates in A. baumannii display seasonality and are negatively correlated with local temperature, with rates peaking in winter, possibly linked to the differential adaptation of resistant and nonresistant isolates to temperature fluctuations. Furthermore, due to significant resistance rate variations between quarters, compiling monthly or quarterly reports might enhance comprehension of antibiotic resistance trends. Consequently, this could assist in formulating strategies to control and prevent resistance within healthcare facilities.