Structural insights into NMDA receptor pharmacology

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) comprise a subfamily of ionotropic glutamate receptors that form heterotetrameric ligand-gated ion channels and play fundamental roles in neuronal processes such as synaptic signaling and plasticity. Given their critical roles in brain function and their therapeutic importance, enormous research efforts have been devoted to elucidating the structure and function of these receptors and developing novel therapeutics. Recent studies have resolved the structures of NMDARs in multiple functional states, and have revealed the detailed gating mechanism, which was found to be distinct from that of other ionotropic glutamate receptors. This review provides a brief overview of the recent progress in understanding the structures of NMDARs and the mechanisms underlying their function, focusing on subtype-specific, ligand-induced conformational dynamics.