L-Carnosine loaded chondroitin sulphate functionalized proposomes as an effective tool for transdermal rheumatoid arthritis management

testing in rats with AIA model showed that group treated with selected formulation demonstrated reduced joint inflammation and soft tissue swelling that was further confirmed by X-ray radiography. ELISA results showed significant reduction in TNF-α and IL-1β and elevation in NRF2 and SOD with levels comparable to the negative control group. Histopathological investigation showed cartilage integrity and proteoglycan content similar to the negative control. The CHS-functionalised CAR-loaded proposomes improved CAR permeation, targeted inflammatory joints, and reduced oxidative stress, making them a viable non-invasive RA treatment.