Past, present and future of the boundaries of the Pseudomonas genus: Proposal of Stutzerimonas gen. Nov

Pseudomonas is one the best studied bacterial genera, and it is the genus with the highest number of species among the gram-negative bacteria. Pseudomonas spp. are widely distributed and play relevant ecological roles; several species are commensal or pathogenic to humans, animals and plants. The main aim of the present minireview is the discussion of how the Pseudomonas taxonomy has evolved with the development of bacterial taxonomy since the first description of the genus in 1894. We discuss how the successive implementation of novel methodologies has influenced the taxonomy of the genus and, vice versa, how the taxonomic studies developed in Pseudomonas have introduced novel tools and concepts to bacterial taxonomy. Current phylogenomic analyses of the family Pseudomonadaceae demonstrate that a considerable number of named Pseudomonas spp. are not monophyletic with P. aeruginosa, the type species of the genus, and that a reorganization of several genera can be foreseen. Phylogenomics of Pseudomonas, Azomonas and Azotobacter within the Pseudomonadaceae is presented as a case study. Five new genus names are delineated to accommodate five well-defined phylogenetic branches that are supported by the shared genes in each group, and two of them can be differentiated by physiological and ecological properties: the recently described genus Halopseudomonas and the genus Stutzerimonas proposed in the present study. Five former Pseudomonas species are transferred to Halopseudomonas and 10 species to Stutzerimonas.