Intracranial hemorrhage in neonates: A review of etiologies, patterns and predicted clinical outcomes

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in neonates often results in devastating neurodevelopmental outcomes as the neonatal period is a critical window for brain development. The neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates with ICH are determined by the maturity of the brain, the location and extent of the hemorrhage, the specific underlying etiology and the presence of other concomitant disorders. Neonatal ICH may result from various inherited and acquired disorders. We classify the etiologies of neonatal ICH into eight main categories: (1) Hemorrhagic stroke including large focal hematoma, (2) Prematurity-related hemorrhage, (3) Bleeding diathesis, (4) Genetic causes, (5) Infection, (6) Trauma-related hemorrhage, (7) Tumor-related hemorrhage and (8) Vascular malformations. Illustrative cases showing various imaging patterns that can be helpful to predict clinical outcomes will be highlighted. Potential mimics of ICH in the neonatal period are also reviewed.