Baicalin lipid nanocapsules for treatment of glioma: characterization, mechanistic cytotoxicity, and pharmacokinetic evaluation

Objectives Baicalin is a promising anticancer nutraceutical compound, but its application is hindered by its low water solubility and bioavailability, which can be remedied by its encapsulation in nanoparticles.Methods Lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) were developed to enhance baicalin delivery via intravenous and intranasal routes, and potentiate its therapeutic activity in treatment of glioma.Results LNCs displayed a particle size of 17.76 nm and sustained release of 74.36% after 24 h. The IC50 of baicalin LNCs (13 ± 5 µg/ml) was 60 times lower than free baicalin (780 ± 107 µg/ml) on human glioblastoma multiform cell line U87, with adequate cellular uptake as delineated by confocal laser microscopy. Both baicalin and LNCs induced cell cycle arrest at S and G2/M phases, with significant up-regulation in P21 gene, and decline in Nrf-2, HO-1 and VEGF gene expression. LNCs increased baicalin’s bioavailability, either after intravenous (AUC0-24 h 10.94 ± 0.28 vs 3.53 ± 0.09 µg/ml*h), or intranasal administration (AUC0-24 h 6.26 ± 0.11 vs 3.17 ± 0.04 µg/ml*h). They also bypassed the blood brain barrier and achieved significantly higher brain delivery compared to free baicalin (drug targeting efficiency 160.73% vs 52.9%).Conclusion Baicalin LNCs is a promising treatment modality for glioma, when administered through intravenous or intranasal routes.