Towards a fully online flipped classroom model to support student learning outcomes and engagement: A 2-year design-based study

The overarching goal of this design-based research is to develop and evaluate a set of design principles for a fully online flipped classroom to support students' learning outcomes, behavioural, emotional, and cognitive engagement. In a fully online flipped classroom, students are encouraged to complete online pre-class activities asynchronously. But unlike in the conventional flipped approach, students do not subsequently meet face-to-face in classrooms, but rather online synchronously. The testbed involved a conventional flipped class (Cycle 0), a fully online flipped class (Cycle 1), and a refined fully online flipped class (Cycle 2). The results showed that although all three groups of students performed equally well in learning, the refined online flipped model was more effective in supporting students' behavioural engagement in the synchronous online class sessions than the online flipped model. This study contributes to the extant literature by explicating the design principles that support student engagement in fully online flipped learning.