Immunohistochemical Profiling in Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Biomarker Patterns in Synovial Tissue

Based on the reported associations with histological, radiological, and clinical findings, biomarkers were categorised into stage-specific and functional groups, underscoring their relevance for disease stratification and prognosis. By revealing disease-related patterns in progression and severity, synovial biomarkers have the potential to empower our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of TMD and contribute to more precise diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.