Biomimetic Synthesis of Hierarchically Porous Nanostructured Metal Oxide Microparticles—Potential Scaffolds for Drug Delivery and Catalysis

Hierarchically porous hybrid microparticles, strikingly reminiscent in their structure of the silica skeletons of single-cell algae, diatoms, but composed of titanium dioxide, and the chemically bound amphiphilic amino acids or small proteins can be prepared by a simple one-step biomimetic procedure, using hydrolysis of titanium alkoxides modified by these ligands. The growth of the hierarchical structure results from the conditions mimicking the growth of skeletons in real diatoms--the self-assembly of hydrolysis-generated titanium dioxide nanoparticles, templated by the microemulsion, originating from mixing the hydrocarbon solvent and water on action of amino acids as surfactants. The obtained microsize nanoparticle aggregates possess remarkable chemical and thermal stability and are promising substrates for applications in drug delivery and catalysis. They can be provided with pronounced surface chirality through application of chiral modifying ligands. They display also high selectivity in sorption of phosphorylated biomolecules or medicines as demonstrated by (1)H and (31)P NMR studies and by in vitro modeling using (32)P-marked ATP as a substrate. The release of the adsorbed model compounds in an inert medium is a very slow process directed by desorption kinetics. It is enhanced, however, noticeably in contact with biological fluids modeling those of the tissues suffering inflammation, which makes the produced material highly attractive for application in medical implants. The developed synthetic approach has been applied successfully also for the preparation of analogous hybrid microparticles based on zirconium dioxide or aluminum sesquioxide.