Current progress in bismuth-based photocatalysts for enhanced visible-light-driven degradation of tetracycline

• Bismuth derivatives materials are used as a photocatalyst due to its non-toxicity and environmentally friendly behavior. • The efficiency of bismuth and its derivatives for the degradation of tetracycline. • Bismuth based photocatalysts including bismuth oxides, bismuth oxyhalides, bismuth tungstate and bismuth titanates are also summarized in the review on the basis of their photocatalytic efficiency. The widespread presence of antibiotic contaminants in aquatic environments poses a serious threat to ecosystems and human health. Tetracycline is one of the most frequently detected and persistent pollutants. Conventional wastewater treatment processes are often inadequate for the complete elimination of such pharmaceutical products, which increases the need for efficient and sustainable remediation strategies. Therefore, bismuth-based photocatalysts have gained attention for antibiotic degradation due to their non-toxicity, low cost, and strong visible light absorption. They are particularly effective in eliminating tetracycline (TC), a major environmental pollutant. With a focus on their structural characteristics, morphologies, and photocatalytic activity, this review emphasizes the effectiveness of bismuth derivatives, such as bismuth oxides, oxyhalides, tungstate, and titanates. Heterojunctions, microspheres, composites, and Z-schemes are examples of modified bismuth-based catalysts that demonstrate higher degrading efficiency than single components. Moreover, their potential for environmentally sustainable uses, their reusability and degradation paths are also investigated. Overall, bismuth-based photocatalysts are effective and environmentally safe ways to remove antibiotics, which makes them attractive options for wastewater treatment.