The failure response of the human cervical facet capsular ligament during facet joint retraction

Studies implicate the cervical facet joint and its capsule as a primary anatomical site of injury during whiplash exposures to the neck. Although the facet joint is known to undergo stretch as the superior vertebra is retracted relative to the inferior vertebra during the whiplash kinematic, the response of the facet capsular ligament and its microstructure during failure in joint retraction is unknown. Polarized light imaging and vector correlation analysis were used to measure the collagen fiber alignment in the human capsular ligament, together with traditional mechanical metrics, during joint retraction sufficient to induce ligament failure. Anomalous fiber realignment occurs at 2.9571.66 mm of displacement, which is not different from the displacement when the ligament first yields (2.7771.55 mm), but is significantly lower (p¼0.016) than the displacement at tissue failure (5.4071.65 mm). The maximum principal strain at the first detection of anomalous fiber realignment (0.6670.39) also is significantly lower (p¼ 0.046) than the strain at failure (1.3970.64), but is not different from the strains at yield or partial failure. The onset of collagen fiber realignment determined in this study corresponds to the ligament’s yielding and supports assertions that the facet capsule can undergo tissue injury during joint retraction. Further, such microstructural responses may indicate tissue damage in the absence of rupture.