Relative efficacy and stability of biological and synthetic nitrification inhibitors in a highly nitrifying soil: Evidence of apparent nitrification inhibition by linoleic acid and linolenic acid

Abstract Biological nitrification inhibition is a plant‐mediated rhizosphere process where natural nitrification inhibitors can be produced and released by roots to suppress nitrifier activity in soil. Nitrification is one of the critical soil processes in the nitrogen (N) cycle, but unrestricted and rapid nitrification in agricultural systems can result in major losses of N from the plant–soil system (i.e., by NO 3 − leaching and gaseous N emissions). In this study, we explored the potential efficacy of biological nitrification inhibitors (linoleic acid [LA] and linolenic acid [LN]) and a proven efficient synthetic (dicyandiamide [DCD]) nitrification inhibitor on N dynamics, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions in a highly nitrifying soil. 14 C‐labelled LA, LN and DCD mineralization was determined in a parallel experiment to explore the fate of inhibitors after application. We found that LA and LN had no effect on soil NH 4 + concentrations, but significantly decreased NO 3 − concentrations. Soil that received DCD had lower NO 3 − and higher NH 4 + concentrations than the control (soil without nitrification inhibitors). LA and LN increased the cumulative N 2 O and CO 2 emissions when they were applied at high concentrations (635 or 1,270 mg kg −1 dry soil). LA and LN had a much greater mineralization rate than that of DCD: 47–56%, 37–61% and 2.7–5.5%, respectively, after 38 days incubation. We conclude that in contrast to the direct inhibition of nitrification caused by DCD, addition of LA and LN may cause apparent nitrification inhibition by promoting microbial immobilization of soil NH 4 + and/or NO 3 − . Future studies on nitrification inhibitors need to clearly differentiate between the direct and indirect effects that result from addition of these compounds to soil. Highlights The efficacy and stability of nitrification inhibitors in a highly nitrifying soil were explored. This study supports efforts to mitigate N losses and improve nitrogen use efficiency of inputs. Addition of LA, LN and DCD can decrease NO 3 − concentration, but their modes of action may be different. The apparent effect of LA and LN on soil NO 3 − concentration could be indirect.