Digest: Different evolutionary dynamics led to the convergence of clinging performance in lizard toepads†

Does convergent evolution always result from different lineages experiencing similar evolutionary dynamics? Hagey et al. () report the dynamics of adhesive performance evolution to be distinct in two lizard clades (anoles and geckos) despite independent convergence in adhesive toe pad structures, suggesting convergence can occur with dissimilar macroevolutionary dynamics. Convergent evolution, the evolution of similar features in distantly related species or groups, has long fascinated evolutionary biologists. For example, the striking similarity in the wings of bats and birds and the convergence of streamlined body shape among fish, dolphins, and ichthyosaurs have been avenues of great intrigue and captivation (Losos ). Due to their similarity, examples of phenotypic convergence are often hypothesized to have arisen through similar evolutionary dynamics or processes. However, there are many factors that can either constrain or enable phenotypic trait evolution, and the degree to which that is idiosyncratic among convergent lineages remains unclear. For example, if a lineage encounters an ecological opportunity, it may be provided with evolutionary access to a wide variety of ecological niches in which to diversify (Stroud and Losos ). Conversely, trait diversification may be constrained if that group is limited by its developmental, genetic, or biomechanical capabilities (Arnold ). The proliferation of well‐sampled, time‐calibrated phylogenies has enabled robust analyses of how phenotypic traits evolve and diversify through time and among lineages. Investigating how these opposing forces lead to remarkable convergence on the macroevolutionary landscape is important to understanding the nature and predictability of evolution.