Advanced cathode modification strategies for high-temperature CO 2 electrolysis in solid oxide electrolysis cells

electrolysis remains a major challenge, limiting their practical application. This article systematically reviews the modification strategies for perovskite-based cathodes for carbon dioxide electrolysis in SOECs and provides a comprehensive perspective on them. These strategies are classified into three categories: bulk structure engineering, surface modification engineering, and interface catalytic engineering. Their roles in tuning electronic structure, defect chemistry, catalytic activity, and interfacial processes are critically discussed. Finally, the conclusions and future research directions are highlighted, providing insights into the rational design of next-generation perovskite cathodes with enhanced activity, durability, and scalability for practical SOEC applications.