Optoelectronic Navigation-Based Microtruck: For Efficient Cargo Loading, Transport, and Unloading

This study proposes an optoelectronic navigation strategy leveraging Ag-SiO2 microspheres as “microtruck” to overcome the limitations of traditional optoelectronic tweezers (OET) in manipulating negative dielectrophoresis (nDEP) particles. By dynamically adjusting electric field frequency and optical parameters, we regulate particle-induced dielectrophoretic forces (PiDEP) to achieve efficient adsorption, high-speed transport, and site-specific unloading of nDEP-responsive cargo. Experimental results demonstrate a seven times enhancement in manipulation velocity compared to conventional direct optical methods, along with the capability for simultaneous multi-particle transport. In addition, we utilized finite element simulations to analyze the optimal electric field frequency and optical parameters for the microtruck’s loading and unloading processes. Furthermore, a systematic analysis of critical velocities and failure modes under varying cargo loads further validates the robustness of this approach. Demonstrated within a labyrinthine microenvironment, this strategy enables programmable navigation, sequential cargo handling, and micrometer positional accuracy. This study provides an efficient solution for biomedical applications, including precise single-cell manipulation and targeted drug delivery.