A review of translation processes in scale adaptation studies: A guide for scale translation

Ensuring the validity and reliability of translated scales is essential in cross-cultural research, particularly in the social sciences where abstract constructs must be measured across diverse cultural contexts. Although several guidelines exist for scale translation, little is known about which methodological sources are most frequently cited in practice. This study addresses that gap through a citation-based bibliographic analysis of peer-reviewed articles indexed in the Web of Science (WoS). A total of 257 articles published between 1995 and 2024 were identified, yielding 2,239 references. After merging duplicates and filtering out irrelevant or statistical sources, 22 key references cited in at least three articles were selected. A thematic synthesis of these references revealed three central domains: Scale Translation Process, Considerations for the Translation Team, and Key Considerations in Translation. This study provides an evidence-based roadmap that reflects the actual methodological preferences of researchers rather than expert opinion alone. By translating citation behavior into practical guidance, the study contributes to standardizing translation practices and promoting greater transparency and rigor in cross-cultural research. The results demonstrate a strong methodological consensus in the field and highlight three core areas that can guide future translation practices with empirical grounding.