Functional surfaces with reversibly switchable wettability: Fundamentals, progresses, applications and challenges

Wettability is a fundamental property of solid surfaces that can be effectively manipulated by altering the surface chemistry or microstructural morphology. Functional surfaces with reversible wettability conversion are of interest due to their unique properties and wide range of potential applications. This paper presents a systematic and comprehensive review of the latest research progress in the field of reversible wettability conversion. The background and significance of surface wettability research are introduced, the basic models and related theories of wettability are summarized, and the mechanism of wettability conversion is discussed. Moreover, the main stimulus modalities, including physical and chemical stimuli, that respond to wettability conversion are discussed. Furthermore, specific applications of wettability reversible conversion surfaces in the areas of anti-icing/de-icing, directional transportation, signal detection, droplet manipulation, droplet storage, microdroplet response, oil-water separation are presented. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of wettability reversible conversion functional surfaces are discussed. The review provides a reasonable reference for the construction of wettability reversible regulatory mechanisms and responsive surfaces, and provides useful insights into the application and development of wettability reversible conversion surfaces.