P7C3 ameliorates barium chloride‐induced skeletal muscle injury activating transcriptomic and epigenetic modulation of myogenic regulatory factors

Abstract Skeletal muscle injury affects the quality of life in many pathologies, including volumetric muscle loss, contusion injury, and aging. We hypothesized that the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) activator P7C3 improves muscle repair following injury. In the present study, we tested the effect of P7C3 (1‐anilino‐3‐(3,6‐dibromocarbazol‐9‐yl) propan‐2‐ol) on chemically induced muscle injury. Muscle injury was induced by injecting 50 µL 1.2% barium chloride (BaCl 2 ) into the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle in C57Bl/6J wild‐type male mice. Mice were then treated with either 10 mg/kg body weight of P7C3 or Vehicle intraperitoneally for 7 days and assessed for histological, biochemical, and molecular changes. In the present study, we show that the acute BaCl 2 ‐induced TA muscle injury was robust and the P7C3‐treated mice displayed a significant increase in the total number of myonuclei and blood vessels, and decreased serum CK activity compared with vehicle‐treated mice. The specificity of P7C3 was evaluated using Nampt +/− mice, which did not display any significant difference in muscle repair capacity among treated groups. RNA‐sequencing analysis of the injured TA muscles displayed 368 and 212 genes to be exclusively expressed in P7C3 and Veh‐treated mice, respectively. There was an increase in the expression of genes involved in cellular processes, inflammatory response, angiogenesis, and muscle development in P7C3 versus Veh‐treated mice. Conversely, there is a decrease in muscle structure and function, myeloid cell differentiation, glutathione, and oxidation–reduction, drug metabolism, and circadian rhythm signaling pathways. Chromatin immunoprecipitation‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and reverse transcription‐qPCR analyses identified increased Pax7 , Myf5 , MyoD , and Myogenin expression in P7C3‐treated mice. Increased histone lysine (H3K) methylation and acetylation were observed in P7C3‐treated mice, with significant upregulation in inflammatory markers. Moreover, P7C3 treatment significantly increased the myotube fusion index in the BaCl 2 ‐injured human skeletal muscle in vitro. P7C3 also inhibited the lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammatory response and mitochondrial membrane potential of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Overall, we demonstrate that P7C3 activates muscle stem cells and enhances muscle injury repair with increased angiogenesis.