Pro-efferocytosis biomimetic nanocomplexes for targeted atherosclerosis therapy through promoting macrophage re-polarization and inhibiting senescence

Atherosclerosis is chronic inflammatory disease tightly related with defective efferocytosis of apoptotic cells (ACs) in the plaques. The strategy of efferocytosis reactivation using Atorvastatin (AT) and Metformin (Met) has attracted increasing attention for atherosclerosis treatment. Although these drug-based therapies could stimulate the phagocytic clearance of ACs, the rapid drug clearance and poor bioavailability limited their efficacy. In this study, by co-loading AT and Met into poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles (PLGA NPs), we developed a biomimetic nanocomplexes for targeted atherosclerosis treatment. Macrophages membrane-coated nanocomplexes efficiently avoided the clearance of NPs from immune system and achieved targeting ability to the atherosclerotic plaques. Moreover, modified hyaluronic acid (HA) delivered NPs into the dysfunctional efferocytic cells of plaques, and achieved the plaques-macrophages-targeted therapy. In vitro results indicated that the biomimetic nanocomplexes reactivated efferocytosis by facilitating macrophages polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype through enhancing ERK5/MerTK pathway and inhibiting cellular senescence through inhibiting p53-p16/pRB pathway. In vivo study indicated that this biomimetic nanocomplexes accumulated in the atherosclerotic plaques, resulting in reduction of necrotic core area and protection against plaque rupture by reactivating efferocytosis. These findings indicated that reactivation of efferocytosis by AT and Met co-delivered nanocomplexes provided a novel promising strategy for targeted atherosclerosis treatment.