Osmotic signaling releases PP2C-mediated inhibition of Arabidopsis SnRK2s via the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase BIK1

Abstract Osmotic stress and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling are important for plant growth and abiotic stress resistance. Activation of osmotic and ABA signaling downstream of the PYL-type ABA receptors requires the release of SnRK2 protein kinases from the inhibition imposed by PP2Cs. PP2Cs are core negative regulators that constantly interact with and inhibit SnRK2s, but how osmotic signaling breaks the PP2C inhibition of SnRK2s remains unclear. Here, we report that an Arabidopsis receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, BIK1, releases PP2C-mediated inhibition of SnRK2.6 via phosphorylation regulation. The dominant abi1-1 ABA-signaling mutation (G180D) disrupts PYL-PP2C interactions and disables PYL-initiated release of SnRK2s; in contrast, BIK1 releases abi1-1 -mediated inhibition of SnRK2.6. BIK1 interacts with and phosphorylates SnRK2.6 at two tyrosine residues, which are critical for SnRK2.6 activation and function. Phosphorylation of the two tyrosine residues may affect the docking of the tryptophan “lock” of PP2C into SnRK2.6. Moreover, the bik1 mutant is defective in SnRK2 activation, stress-responsive gene expression, ABA accumulation, growth maintenance, and water loss under osmotic stress. Our findings uncover the critical role of BIK1 in releasing PP2C-mediated inhibition of SnRK2s under osmotic stress.