Biomimetic Dual‐Network Collagen Fibers with Porous and Mechanical Cues Reconstruct Neural Stem Cell Niche via AKT/YAP Mechanotransduction after Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Tissue engineering scaffolds can mediate the maneuverability of neural stem cell (NSC) niche to influence NSC behavior, such as cell self‐renewal, proliferation, and differentiation direction, showing the promising application in spinal cord injury (SCI) repair. Here, dual‐network porous collagen fibers (PCFS) are developed as neurogenesis scaffolds by employing biomimetic plasma ammonia oxidase catalysis and conventional amidation cross‐linking. Following optimizing the mechanical parameters of PCFS, the well‐matched Young's modulus and physiological dynamic adaptability of PCFS (4.0 wt%) have been identified as a neurogenetic exciter after SCI. Remarkably, porous topographies and curving wall‐like protrusions are generated on the surface of PCFS by simple and non‐toxic CO 2 bubble‐water replacement. As expected, PCFS with porous and matched mechanical properties can considerably activate the cadherin receptor of NSCs and induce a series of serine‐threonine kinase/yes‐associated protein mechanotransduction signal pathways, encouraging cellular orientation, neuron differentiation, and adhesion. In SCI rats, implanted PCFS with matched mechanical properties further integrated into the injured spinal cords, inhibited the inflammatory progression and decreased glial and fibrous scar formation. Wall‐like protrusions of PCFS drive multiple neuron subtypes formation and even functional neural circuits, suggesting a viable therapeutic strategy for nerve regeneration and functional recovery after SCI.