Integrated multi-omics analysis reveals the functional and prognostic significance of lactylation-related gene PRDX1 in breast cancer

Background Breast cancer (BRCA) is a significant threat to women’s health worldwide, and its progression is closely associated with the tumor microenvironment and gene regulation. Lactylation modification, as a key epigenetic mechanism in cancer biology, has not yet been fully elucidated in the context of BRCA. This study examines the regulatory mechanisms of lactylation-related genes (LRGs), specifically PRDX1, and their prognostic significance in BRCA. Methods We integrated data from multiple databases, including Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) summary statistics, single-cell RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, and bulk RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Using Summary-based Mendelian Randomization (SMR) analysis, we identified LRGs associated with BRCA and comprehensively analysed the expression patterns of PRDX1, cell-cell communication networks, and spatial heterogeneity. Furthermore, we constructed and validated a prognostic model based on the gene expression profile of PRDX1-positive monocytes, evaluating it through Cox regression and LASSO regression analyses. Results PRDX1 was identified as a key LRG significantly associated with BRCA risk (p_SMR = 0.0026). Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed a significant upregulation of PRDX1 expression in monocytes, with enhanced cell-cell communication between PRDX1-positive monocytes and fibroblasts. Spatial transcriptomics analysis uncovered heterogeneous expression of PRDX1 in the tumor nest regions, highlighting the spatial interaction between PRDX1-positive monocytes and fibroblasts. The prognostic model constructed based on the gene expression profile of PRDX1-positive monocytes demonstrated high accuracy in predicting patient survival in both the training and validation cohorts. High-risk patients exhibited immune-suppressive microenvironment characteristics, including reduced immune cell infiltration and upregulation of immune checkpoint gene expression. Conclusion This study reveals the key role of PRDX1 in BRCA progression, mainly through the regulation of the tumor microenvironment and immune escape mechanisms. The survival prediction model based on PRDX1 shows robust prognostic potential, and future research should focus on integrating PRDX1 with other biomarkers to enhance the precision of personalised medicine.