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Moisture–Microbial Interaction Amplifies N2O Emission Hot Moments Under Deepened Snow in Grasslands

环境科学 水分 大气科学 含水量 氮气循环 生长季节 氮气 自行车 焊剂(冶金) 生物量(生态学) 一氧化二氮 土壤科学 环境化学 农学 化学 生态学 生物 气象学 物理 历史 岩土工程 有机化学 考古 工程类 地质学
作者
Jie Luo,Yong Peng,Zhou Jia,Yuntao Wu,Yuxuan Gao,Nairsag Jalaid,Xingming Zhang,Heng Ge,Bowen Qing,Hongyi Chen,Yan-yan Zhan,Ping Li,Lingli Liu
出处
期刊:Global Change Biology [Wiley]
卷期号:31 (5)
标识
DOI:10.1111/gcb.70254
摘要

ABSTRACT Freeze–thaw‐induced N 2 O pulses could account for nearly half of annual N 2 O fluxes in cold climates, but their episodic nature, sensitivity to snow cover dynamics, and the challenges of cold‐season monitoring complicate their accurate estimation and representation in global models. To address these challenges, we combined in situ automated high‐frequency flux measurements with cross‐ecoregion soil core incubations to investigate the mechanisms driving freeze–thaw‐induced N 2 O emissions. We found that deepened snow significantly amplified freeze–thaw N 2 O pulses, with these ~50‐day episodes contributing over 50% of annual fluxes. Additionally, freeze–thaw‐induced N 2 O pulses exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity, ranging from 3.4 to 1184.1 μg N m −2 h −1 depending on site conditions. Despite significant spatiotemporal variation, our results indicated that 68%–86% of this variation can be explained by shifts in controlling factors: from water‐filled pore space (WFPS), which drove anaerobic conditions, to microbial constraints as snow depth increases. Below 43% WFPS, soil moisture was the overwhelmingly dominant driver of emissions; between 43% and 66% WFPS, moisture and microbial attributes (including denitrifying gene abundance, nitrogen enzyme kinetics, and microbial biomass) jointly triggered N 2 O emissions pulses; above 66% WFPS, microbial attributes, particularly nitrogen enzyme kinetics, prevailed. These findings suggested that maintaining higher soil moisture served as a trigger for activating microbial activity, particularly enhancing nitrogen cycling. Furthermore, we showed that hotspots of freeze–thaw‐induced N 2 O emissions were linked to high root production and microbial activity in cold and humid grasslands. Overall, our study highlighted the hierarchical control of WFPS and microbial processes in driving freeze–thaw‐induced N 2 O emission pulses. The easily measurable WFPS and microbial attributes predictable from plant and soil properties could forecast the magnitude and spatial distribution of N 2 O emission “hot moments” under changing climate. Integrating these hot moments, particularly the dynamics of WFPS, into process‐based models could refine N 2 O emission modeling and enhance the accuracy of global N 2 O budget prediction.
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