Late Permian plume and Neoproterozoic subduction-modified mantle interaction: Insights from geochronology and Sr-Nd-O isotopes of mafic dikes of the western Emeishan large igneous province

Geochronological investigations of mafic dikes along the southwestern margin of the Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP) in the South China block display a restricted range of U-Pb zircon, baddeleyite, and apatite isotopic ages ranging from 263 to 257 Ma, which overlaps with that of previously studied ELIP basalts and mafic intrusions. The dikes are divided into high-Ti and low-Ti groups, whereby the latter is further divided into two subgroups (low-Ti group-1 and -2). The high-Ti group rocks (Ti/Y > 500) are characterized by ocean island basalt-like trace element patterns with mantle-like zircon δ¹⁸O of 5.0 ± 0.10‰ and slightly enriched ε_Nd(t) values of −1.0 to +1.0. The low-Ti group-1 rocks (Ti/Y < 500) have trace element patterns similar to those of the high-Ti group, yet generally with weak negative Nb-Ta anomalies, lower (Sm/Yb)_N ratios, elevated zircon δ¹⁸O (6.6 ± 0.33 ‰), and highly variable ε_Nd(t) values (−3.9 to +3.2). The low-Ti group-2 rocks (Ti/Y < 500) are characterized by pronounced negative Nb-Ta anomalies, more negative ε_Nd(t) (−8.4 to −6.6) values, and higher initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios than those of the other two groups. The compositional variations of the high-Ti group and the low-Ti group-1 rocks, in conjunction with the negative correlation between the ε_Nd(t) values and the (Th/Nb)_N ratios, suggest that the two groups were generated from an isotopically heterogeneous mantle plume at different depths, and experienced varying degrees of crustal contamination (but < 20 wt.%). The high-Ti group rocks are considered to have originated from a deeper garnet-stable source, and the low-Ti group-1 rocks from a shallower source. Mixing calculations indicate that the highly enriched Sr-Nd isotopes of the low-Ti group-2 rocks cannot be explained by crustal contamination. A subduction-modified mantle source is required to account for the arc-like geochemical characteristics of this group. This is consistent with the spatial overlap of the low-Ti group-2 rocks and previously studied geochemically similar samples with rocks from the Neoproterozoic subduction zone along the western margin of the South China block. Furthermore, a fertilized mantle is also consistent with the variable δ¹⁸O values of various mafic-ultramafic rocks of the western and central ELIP due to the involvement of recycled oceanic crustal materials. Our results are in accordance with the model that the western ELIP late Permian magmatism was generated by the interaction of two distinct sources, that is, an isotopically heterogenous mantle plume and a Neoproterozoic subduction-modified, Nd isotope-enriched lithospheric mantle with distinct heterogenous oxygen isotope characteristics.