A Print‐and‐Fuse Strategy for Sacrificial Filaments Enables Biomimetically Structured Perfusable Microvascular Networks with Functional Endothelium Inside 3D Hydrogels

Abstract A facile and flexible approach for the integration of biomimetically branched microvasculature within bulk hydrogels is presented. For this, sacrificial scaffolds of thermoresponsive poly(2‐cyclopropyl‐2‐oxazoline) (P cyclo PrOx) are created using melt electrowriting (MEW) in an optimized and predictable way and subsequently placed into a customized bioreactor system, which is then filled with a hydrogel precursor solution. The aqueous environment above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of P cyclo PrOx at 25 °C swells the polymer without dissolving it, resulting in fusion of filaments that are deposited onto each other (print‐and‐fuse approach). Accordingly, an adequate printing pathway design results in generating physiological‐like branchings and channel volumes that approximate Murray's law in the geometrical ratio between parent and daughter vessels. After gel formation, a temperature decrease below the LCST produces interconnected microchannels with distinct inlet and outlet regions. Initial placement of the sacrificial scaffolds in the bioreactors in a pre‐defined manner directly yields perfusable structures via leakage‐free fluid connections in a reproducible one‐step procedure. Using this approach, rapid formation of a tight and biologically functional endothelial layer, as assessed not only through fluorescent dye diffusion, but also by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) stimulation, is obtained within three days.