Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Micronutrient Deficiencies in a Clinically Referred Cohort of Ezidi Refugees in Rural Armidale: Findings from a Retrospective Study

Abstract In Australia, Middle Eastern refugees, notably the Ezidi community (an ethnic and religious minority from Northern Iraq and Syria) are disproportionately affected by high rates of vitamin and iron deficiencies. These deficiencies pose significant health risks and can impact overall well-being. Recent studies have suggested a possible correlation between Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) infection and deficiencies in essential vitamins and iron, highlighting an important area of research that warrants further exploration. Understanding the relationship between H. pylori infection and nutrient deficiencies in newly arrived Ezidi refugees is critical for several reasons. First, it may provide insights into the underlying health challenges faced by this population, who often arrive with pre-existing health issues. Second, establishing this association could inform current screening practices, allowing for targeted interventions that address both H. pylori infection and nutritional deficiencies. Ultimately, this research aims to contribute to the development of effective health strategies that enhance the well-being of Ezidi refugees, ensuring they receive the necessary support to thrive in their new environment. By focusing on this intersection of infectious disease and nutritional health, we can better understand and mitigate the risks faced by this vulnerable group. A retrospective cohort study was performed using data collected from Ezidi refugees in Armidale Medical Centre and Armidale Hospital from 2018 to 2024. The data was analysed to determine the prevalence of H. pylori and deficiencies in iron, vitamin B12, and vitamin D. Further analysis was done with data from Armidale Medical Center only, to study any potential association between H. pylori infection and those same micronutrient deficiencies. H. pylori infection was detected in 76.7% of refugees tested. The rates of iron deficiency were 35.2% at Armidale Medical Centre and 41.9% at Armidale Hospital. Vitamin B12 deficiency was found in 50.7% and 58% of individuals, and vitamin D deficiency was present in 79.6% and 82.6%, respectively. No statistically significant associations were found between H. pylori infection and iron or vitamin D deficiency. However, a statistically significant association was observed between the absence of H. pylori and vitamin B12 deficiency. There is a significantly higher prevalence of H. pylori infection, iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, and vitamin D deficiency among Ezidi refugees in Armidale. The relationship between H. pylori infection and micronutrient deficiencies remains unclear. Further research is needed to clarify these associations and guide future screening protocols for Ezidi refugees.