Development and Validation of an MRI‐Based Nomogram for Preoperative Detection of Muscle Invasion in VI‐RADS 3

Background The relationship between tumor and muscle layer in the vesical imaging‐reporting and data system (VI–RADS) 3 is ambiguous, and there is a lack of preoperative and non‐invasive procedures to detect muscle invasion in VI‐RADS 3. Purpose To develop a nomogram based on MRI features for detecting muscle invasion in VI–RADS 3. Study Type Retrospective. Population 235 cases (Age: 67.5 ± 11.5 years) with 11.9% females were randomly divided into a training cohort ( n = 164) and a validation cohort ( n = 71). Field Strength/Sequence 3T, T2‐weighted imaging (turbo spin‐echo), diffusion‐weighted imaging (breathing‐free spin echo), and dynamic contrast‐enhanced imaging (gradient echo). Assessment 3 features were selected from the training cohort, including tumor contact length greater than maximum tumor diameter (TCL > Dmax), flat tumor morphology, and lower standard deviation of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC SD ). Three readers assessed VI‐RADS scores and the tumor morphology. Statistical Tests Interobserver agreement was assessed by Kappa analysis. Features for final analysis were selected by logistic regression. The performance of the nomogram was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve, decision curve analysis, and calibration curve. Results TCL > Dmax, flat morphology, and lower ADC SD were the independent risk factors for muscle invasive in VI‐RADS 3. The AUCs, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the nomogram 1 composed of three features for detecting muscle invasion were 0.852 (95% CI: 0.793–0.912), 0.756, 0.917, and 0.663 in the training cohort, and 0.885 (95% CI: 0.801–0.969), 0.817, 0.900, and 0.784 in the validation cohort. The nomogram 2 without ADC SD has nearly the same performance as the nomogram 1. Data Conclusion Nomogram can be an efficient tool for preoperative detection of muscle invasion in VI–RADS 3. Level of Evidence 3 Technical Efficacy Stage 2