The role of the Mediterranean diet in prediabetes management and prevention: a review of molecular mechanisms and clinical outcomes

The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), originating from areas around the Mediterranean Sea, emphasises olive oil, fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and nuts while limiting red and processed meats. Studies show that higher adherence to the MedDiet reduces mortality risk by 23%. This diet contains essential nutrients and bioactive compounds important for maintaining good health. Prediabetes, characterised by impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, can progress to type 2 diabetes, which increases the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular events, and mortality. Diet plays a crucial role in type 2 diabetes prevention. Healthy fats, antioxidants, high fibre, and low glycemic index foods positively affect prediabetes management by improving insulin sensitivity, regulating blood glucose, reducing inflammation, and aiding weight control. This review explores MedDiet’s molecular mechanisms and potential for prediabetes treatment and glycemic control.