Comparison and identification of aroma components in 21 kinds of frankincense with variety and region based on the odor intensity characteristic spectrum constructed by HS–SPME–GC–MS combined with E-nose

Frankincense is an important seasoning and spice known for its distinctive and intricate flavor profile. Considering the considerable variation in the aromatic quality of frankincense due to geographical origin, species diversity and cultivation conditions, frankincense from major global origins was characterized holistically for the first time. The electronic nose (E-nose) with headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and sensory evaluation were implemented to characterize the aroma components of 21 commercial varieties of frankincense from around the world. The results showed that a total of 149 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of 10 categories were identified in frankincense, among which the numbers of alcohols, terpenes and esters compounds accounted for 22.15 %, 18.79 % and 15.44 % of the total VOCs of frankincense, respectively. The PLS-DA model effectively distinguished frankincense from Oman/Somalia and other origins. Furthermore, the study identified two differential VOCs with VIP > 1 in three Asian countries and five in six African countries. The total VOCs content and sensory characteristic score of "Lemon/Citrus" in Oman frankincense is significantly higher than other regions. The OAV results showed that 61 substances (e.g., Diacety, alpha-Pinene, Camphene, Myrcene) as key aroma compounds and OICS model indicated that p-Cymenol was found to contribute significantly to the citrus aroma in frankincense. This study identified the fundamental components of frankincense flavor and revealed different flavor descriptors of frankincense, which are crucial for reconstructing frankincense flavor and improving flavor quality.