Research on deep brain stimulation in depression

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), as a neural modulation technique, has been widely used during the treatment of depression. The aim of this review is exploring the role of DBS in depression treatment and focuses on the combination of DBS and Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) applications. Firstly, we review the pathophysiological features of depression and the limitations of traditional treatment methods. Subsequently, we introduce the principles of DBS and its application in patients with depression. DBS modulates neural circuit activity by electrically stimulating specific brain regions such as the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) and Subgenual Cingulate Cortex (SGC), leading to an improvement in depressive symptoms. Next, we discuss the development and application of BCI technology in the field of neural modulation. BCI, as a technology that directly translates brain signals into control of external devices, offers new possibilities for DBS treatment. By combining BCI with DBS, individualized monitoring of brain electrical activity and closed-loop modulation can be achieved, enhancing the precision and effectiveness of treatment. While current research is still in its early stages, promising results have been obtained, providing guidance for future clinical applications. Lastly, we discuss the prospects of combining DBS and BCI for the treatment of depression and propose further research directions and challenges. The development of this integrated treatment approach holds promise for providing more effective and personalized treatment options for patients with depression.